Membuat RESTful API CRUD dengan Laravel Sanctum: Panduan Step-by-Step untuk Pemula

Apa yang Akan Kita Bangun?

Kita akan membuat sebuah RESTful API CRUD sederhana menggunakan Laravel 12. Untuk autentikasi, kita akan pakai Laravel Sanctum, yang cocok banget buat proyek ringan seperti backend untuk aplikasi mobile atau frontend berbasis Vue/React.

Yang akan kita pelajari:

• Install Laravel dan setup proyek
• Install Sanctum untuk autentikasi
• Buat model & migrasi data
• Setup register, login, dan logout API
• Buat API CRUD untuk data Post

1. Buat Proyek Laravel Baru

Pastikan kamu sudah install PHP >= 8.2 dan Composer.

composer create-project laravel/laravel laravel-api

Masuk ke folder proyek:

cd laravel-api

2. Install Sanctum

composer require laravel/sanctum

Publish config dan migration Sanctum:

php artisan vendor:publish --provider="Laravel\\Sanctum\\SanctumServiceProvider"

Lalu migrate database-nya:

php artisan migrate

3. Konfigurasi Middleware Sanctum

Edit file app/Http/Kernel.php, bagian 'api':

'api' => [
    \\Laravel\\Sanctum\\Http\\Middleware\\EnsureFrontendRequestsAreStateful::class,
    'throttle:api',
    \\Illuminate\\Routing\\Middleware\\SubstituteBindings::class,
  ],

4. Setup Model User untuk Token

Di file app/Models/User.php, tambahkan trait:

use Laravel\\Sanctum\\HasApiTokens;

  class User extends Authenticatable
  {
      use HasApiTokens, HasFactory, Notifiable;
      ...
  }

5. Buat API untuk Register dan Login

Kita akan buat AuthController:

php artisan make:controller API/AuthController

Isi file app/Http/Controllers/API/AuthController.php:

use App\\Models\\User;
  use Illuminate\\Support\\Facades\\Hash;
  use Illuminate\\Http\\Request;

  class AuthController extends Controller
  {
      public function register(Request $request)
      {
          $data = $request->validate([
              'name' => 'required',
              'email' => 'required|email|unique:users',
              'password' => 'required|min:6'
          ]);

          $user = User::create([
              'name' => $data['name'],
              'email' => $data['email'],
              'password' => Hash::make($data['password'])
          ]);

          $token = $user->createToken('api-token')->plainTextToken;

          return response()->json(['token' => $token], 201);
      }

      public function login(Request $request)
      {
          $data = $request->validate([
              'email' => 'required|email',
              'password' => 'required'
          ]);

          $user = User::where('email', $data['email'])->first();

          if (! $user || ! Hash::check($data['password'], $user->password)) {
              return response()->json(['message' => 'Email atau password salah'], 401);
          }

          $token = $user->createToken('api-token')->plainTextToken;

          return response()->json(['token' => $token]);
      }

      public function logout(Request $request)
      {
          $request->user()->currentAccessToken()->delete();
          return response()->json(['message' => 'Berhasil logout']);
      }
  }

Tambahkan route-nya ke routes/api.php:

use App\\Http\\Controllers\\API\\AuthController;

  Route::post('/register', [AuthController::class, 'register']);
  Route::post('/login', [AuthController::class, 'login']);
  Route::post('/logout', [AuthController::class, 'logout'])->middleware('auth:sanctum');

6. Buat Model & Migrasi Post

php artisan make:model Post -m

Edit file migration di database/migrations/..._create_posts_table.php:

Schema::create('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
      $table->id();
      $table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained()->onDelete('cascade');
      $table->string('title');
      $table->text('content');
      $table->timestamps();
  });

Lalu jalankan migrasi:

php artisan migrate

7. Buat Relasi di Model

Di User.php:

public function posts()
  {
      return $this->hasMany(Post::class);
  }

Di Post.php:

public function user()
  {
      return $this->belongsTo(User::class);
  }

8. Buat Controller untuk Post

php artisan make:controller API/PostController --api

Isi PostController.php:

use App\\Models\\Post;
  use Illuminate\\Http\\Request;

  class PostController extends Controller
  {
      public function index()
      {
          return Post::with('user')->get();
      }

      public function store(Request $request)
      {
          $data = $request->validate([
              'title' => 'required',
              'content' => 'required',
          ]);

          $post = $request->user()->posts()->create($data);

          return response()->json($post, 201);
      }

      public function show(Post $post)
      {
          return $post;
      }

      public function update(Request $request, Post $post)
      {
          $this->authorize('update', $post);

          $data = $request->validate([
              'title' => 'string',
              'content' => 'string',
          ]);

          $post->update($data);

          return response()->json($post);
      }

      public function destroy(Post $post)
      {
          $this->authorize('delete', $post);

          $post->delete();

          return response()->json(['message' => 'Post deleted']);
      }
  }

9. Daftarkan Route API

use App\\Http\\Controllers\\API\\PostController;

  Route::middleware('auth:sanctum')->group(function () {
      Route::apiResource('posts', PostController::class);
  });

10. Coba API-nya!

Gunakan Postman atau REST Client untuk menguji API:

• POST /api/register → untuk registrasi
• POST /api/login → dapatkan token
• Authorization: Bearer <token> → untuk request CRUD
• GET /api/posts, POST /api/posts, dst

Kesimpulan

Kamu sekarang sudah punya RESTful API yang aman dan siap dipakai! Laravel Sanctum memberikan cara yang ringan dan mudah untuk mengelola autentikasi API, dan kamu sudah tahu bagaimana membuat operasi CRUD lengkap mulai dari login hingga delete.

Langkah selanjutnya? Bisa lanjut ke fitur pagination, validasi yang lebih kompleks, atau testing otomatis. Semangat belajar dan eksplorasi Laravel lebih dalam!